FlyTheNest

In March 1946, on the initiative of the US Secretary of State, a group of prominent
persons — presided over by Lilienthal, later the first Chairman of the US Atomic Energy
Commission, and including also Oppenheimer and three industrialists — was entrusted with
the task of studying the problem of the peaceful development of nuclear energy and
the elimination of nuclear weapons. The study led to a report which was almost as
revolutionary at the political level as nuclear energy at the technical level.

Located less than 200 kilometers south of Moscow, the industrial city of Tula is home to around 549,992 people. And about a fifth of them have no access to centralized sewage systems.

“Every day we wash in a trough, we empty the washing machine into the trough, then we pour everything into buckets and take them out into the yard,” explains Inna Shuvalova. She lives on Pirogova Street, just 250 meters from the regional administration building in Tula. Nevertheless, she has no access to centralized drainage systems.

“Grandmother lives upstairs from us, she doesn’t leave the house – it’s difficult for her to go down the stairs,” Shuvalova continues. “She pours her buckets, including the toilet [bucket], out the window.”